In Tawdīhu ’l-Masم’il (mas’ala no. 1744) and Minhمju ’s-Sمlihiyn (mas’ala no. 1044), your eminence has defined the ittihad or ishtirak of ufuq as“the actual sighting in the first city would necessarily be followed with the sighting in the second city if there were no barriers like clouds, fog, mountains, etc.” This had been commonly taken to mean that any sighting in the east will automatically necessitate its sighting in the westirrespective of the distance.
But in al-Fiqh li ’l-Mughtaribīn, you have further qualified the rangeof ittihad ’l-ufuq by saying “as long as the latitude of the two locations are not greatly further away from one another” (question no. 115) and “as long as they are not far apart on the latitude lines” (question no. 116).
Different interpretations are given by our scholars in the west in understanding the phrases “greatly further away” or “far apart”. And so our question is:
If the astronomical data confirms to us that if the moon is sighted in the east (for example in Dar-es-salaam, in East Africa), the chances of it being sighted in the west within the curve of possibility (for example in New York) is greater even though they are far apart on the latitude lines — is the scientifically defined range of possibility of moon sighting accepted as the range for ittihمdu ’l-ufuq?
 

Answer 2
Sighting in the East does not necessarily mean the crescent will be sighted in the West. Even though the Crescent gets bigger as it heads West, sighting is dependant on appropriate altitude above horizon and suitable distance from the Sun. Sometimes, a Crescent is sighted in the East because, at Sunset, it is, say, 8 degrees above the horizon and cannot be sighted in the West after several hours because it is, say, only 2 degrees above the Horizon.

Question 3
When your Eminence declares that you are satisfied that the crescent has been sighted for the holy city of Najaf, we derive full satisfaction that the crescent has been sighted. However, because of a great latitude difference, our home city does not share the horizon with Najaf, can we, then, follow your declaration?Answer 3
Confirmation of sighting in Najaf does not necessarily mean possibility of sighting (if there are no impediments) in London and other Northern areas.
 

Question 3a
a) If the answer to the above is no, and you recommend ihtiyạ̄t, can your Eminence please guide us as to how we can observe ihtiyạ̄t.
Answer 3a
One could undertake a journey on the day one suspects could be Eid, eat something after arriving at the Hadd-e-Tarakkhus, and then give Qadha of the fast.

Question 3b
Could there be an overriding principle to justify us following your declaration, for example:
 i. avoidance of disunity amongst mu’minīn who follow different Marạ̄ji’ with different crescent sighting criteria, or  ii. to avoid disrespect to our revered Marja’ because his muqallidin do end up observing the 1st of month a day after the others, or  iii. to avoid the confusion caused by different interpretation and application of your Eminence’s crescent sighting criterion by your honourable appointed agents around the world.
Answer 3b
Differences arising from the differing Fatawa of Maraje’ in the issue of Crescent Sighting is not a new thing. This should not cause divisions nor should it be used to undermine the status of any of the Maraje’. As regards to the Fatwa of Sayyid (may the Almighty grant him a long life), it is clear and there is no room for differences in its interpretation.

Question 4
The traditions of Holy Imams of Ahl al-Bayt (a), dismisses the calculations of the Munajjim/Hussāb. In your Eminence’s opinion does this apply to modern day Astronomers?
Answer 4
Astronomers who use mathematical calculations to determine the conjunction of the new moon, its altitude at Sunset, and other similar data is normally acceptable as long as it is from reliable and competent astronomers and are free from errors. However, if these calculations were based on empirical data and experience (as some mention) such as criteria that determines when the Crescent can be sighted with the naked eye using the size of the crescent that is illuminated, altitude above the horizon, distance from the sun, etc. then these have no significance except if these were conducive to acquiring certainty on its validity.

Question 5
Reliable astronomical calculations suggest that in our city, the crescent would be visible at sunset on the 29th of the month. However because of barriers like clouds, fog, mountains, etc., the crescent is not sighted in our city or in other cities that share our horizon. Can we consider the next
day as the first of the new month just on the basis of possibility of the moon sight without the actual sighting itself?
Answer 5
Simple ‘suggestions’ cannot be considered. However, if there was certainty (Itmi’nan), then one would have to act accordingly.

Question 6
Some scholars espouse that there is not a single riwāyah that specifies the requirement of sighting the crescent by naked eye. What is your Eminence ’s expert opinion regarding the use of optical aid like:
 a) low level binoculars
 b) powerful binoculars
 c) telescopes.
Answer 6
‘Crescents were made for people to tell time’ – as the Holy Qur’an stipulates. A crescent that can only be seen by aids cannot help the general
public in telling time. Based on this, there is no consideration for a crescent sighted using optical aids like telescopes, etc.

Question 7
In case of reported crescent sighting (either single, double or multiple), are we required to inquire about the basis of the sighting whether it
conforms to the criterion that is valid according to our Marja’ – for example naked eye or telescopic sighting.
Answer 7
Only if a testimony complies with the conditions laid down by his Marja’, can a person use the testimony as a Hujjat for him to mark the beginning of the new month. He would thus have to ascertain that it does comply.

Question 8
If the horizon is cloudy at sunset and if we have the facility of flying in an aircraft above the cloud, should we make an effort to look for the
crescent from the aircraft?
Would such a sighting be acceptable:
 a) for the passengers in the aircraft who observed the crescent?
 b) for the mu’minīn of the city below?
Answer 8
If the role of the aircraft was simply to rise above the impediments like clouds, then a sighting would be sufficient both for those on board the
aircraft as well as those who inhabit the region above which the aircraft flies.

Question 9
Modern day Astronomers agree unanimously that the crescent cannot be sighted at conjunction and for a period of time until the separation between the sun and the moon has exceeded 6.8 degrees.
Question 9a
What is your Eminence’s opinion on this?
Answer 9a
This is not an issue of jurisprudence (Fiqh)

Question 9b
Can we reject a valid Bayyinah that has testified to a sighting during this period?
Answer 9b
If certainty is acquired from them (astronomers), then it would be the certainty that would prove the fallacy of the ‘Bayyinah’ and hence the ‘Bayyinah’ would be rejected.

Question 10
Modern day Astronomers agree unanimously that the sun has to be at least 5 degrees below the horizon before the light from the sun light on the horizon to have diminished to a level that would allow the new crescent to be sighted.
a) What is your Eminence’s opinion on this?
b) Can we reject a valid Bayyinah that has testified to a sighting during
this period?
Answer 10
Our response would be same as that to the question above.

Question 11
Astronomical calculations in which we have full confidence for the daily prayers times and for the eclipses, give us very accurate times for moon
set. Can we reject a valid Bayyinah that has testified to a sighting after the moon has set on that horizon?
Answer 11
Moonset times are determined by Mathematical calculations and, as long as these are reliable and error free, no testimony to the contrary should be accepted.

Question 12
Modern day Astronomy is a very specialized subject and the application of their calculations to reject a sighting is normally difficult for an average
mu’min to comprehend. What is your Eminence’s opinion regarding setting up a committee of Religious Scholars who are fully conversant with your rulings and who are also conversant with Astronomical calculations, to deliberate on the possibility of crescent sighting for each month and to advise your followers of their duties?
Answer 12
This is good, but not essential. Legal obligation can be determined without recourse to it.

Question 13
Regarding sharing the horizon between two cities, such that a confirmed sighting in one can apply to the other, our observations over a number of
years has shown that two cities that share the horizon in one month would not necessarily do so in subsequent months. In other words, the curve of possibility of moon sighting changes from month to month. Does your Eminence agree that we ought to calculate the common horizon independently every month?
Answer 13
Yes, this is true.

Question 14
What is the ruling regarding going out to look for the crescent of any new month? (wājib, mustahabb or mubạ̄ḥ̣)
Some scholars are of the opinion that it is ihtiyāt to look for the Shawwāl crescent so as to avoid falling into a harām act by
fasting on the first of Shawwāl. What is your Eminence’s expert opinion?
Answer 14
Searching for the new Crescent is Mustahab. The prohibition of fasting on Eid day is a legal obligation and not an inherent one. Thus, one who fasts believing that the new month has not begun will not be committing a sin even if the contrary were to be proven later.

Question 15
On the 29th of the month, if we attempted to sight the crescent but failed or neglected or were too pre-occupied, and then if we start receiving
reports about sighting:
 a) from our home city,
 b) from cities with whom we share the horizon,
 c) from cities with whom we do not share the horizon,is it our duty to investigate the credibility of the report and the reliability of the reporter:
 a) in case of a single report of sighting?
 b) in case of multi reports of sighting?
Answer 15
It is not incumbent to verify and investigate all this. It is sufficient to conclude that the new month has not begun and if the contrary were to be
proven later, necessary steps be taken to rectify it.

Question 16
If a mu’mīn sights the new crescent, should he follow his conviction, given that when he reports the sighting, he finds that either:
 a) others have failed to sight the crescent in similar circumstances, or  b) the astronomers say that there was no possibility of sighting, or
 c) he lacks the experience of knowing about new crescent position, shape, moonset times etc., yet he believes that what he saw was the crescent.

Answer 16
If he does not believe – a reasonable degree of belief – that he has committed an error in perception, as is happening a lot, he has to act on
his sightings. But if he believes there could be an error even though it was because information he has read from astronomers which said it would be impossible to sight the new crescent at the time and place that he believed he had seen, he will NOT act on his sightings because he will not have obtained certainty.

Question 17
If there are scholars who we rely upon for guidance, and they have derived satisfaction after investigation that the crescent has been sighted, should we accept their declaration unconditionally or are we required to inquire that the basis of their declaration conforms with a correct application of our Marja's criterion for crescent sighting?
Answer 17
You must acquire certainty (Itmi’nan) on the reliance they have over the reports and testimonies of sighting which must comply with the conditions that make it legally binding according to the Marja’ of your taqleed.

Question 18a
How does your Eminence define Shiyạ̄’?
Answer 18a
Shiya’ as in one of the means of establishing the new crescent is the spread of sighting amongst a large group of people. This is conditional, however, on acquisition of knowledge and certainty (Ilm wa Itmi’nan). If not, it has no bearing.

Question 18b
Is there a minimum number of individuals that constitutes a valid Shiyạ̄’?
Answer 18b
For shiya that is conducive to knowledge and certainty, there is no minimum number. Whatever acquires the knowledge and certainty will be enough.

Question 18c
What are the qualifying characteristics of individuals who constitute a Shiyạ̄’?
Answer 18c
Some characteristics that should be present in those who claim to have sighted the crescent include an understanding that stems from experience; awareness of errors and its sources; cautious in that they are not impulsive; and other similar ones that would allow acquisition of certainty from a fewer numbers of testimonies.

Question 18d
If a person is easily convinced in circumstances where others are not normally satisfied, would this conviction be still valid?
Answer 18d
Only if the conviction is based on logical deductions, not otherwise.

Question 19
Regarding the Shiyạ̄’ that is valid for generating satisfaction of crescent sighting from cities that share our horizon:
 

Question 19a
Does a handful of people scattered over a number of cities constitute a valid Shiyạ̄’?
Answer 19a
We have mentioned earlier that acquisition of certainty is paramount and this cannot be obtained when there are large numbers who go out in one
country in search of the new crescent and only a few claim to see it; even though they collectively form a reasonable number.
 

Question 19b
Do we have to inquire about the number that went to observe but failed to see, in order to validate the Shiyạ̄’?
Answer 19b
We have mentioned earlier what does and what does not influence the acquisition of certainty.
 

Question 19c
How many reports of confirmed sightings would constitute a Shiyạ̄’ to over-rule astronomical calculations that suggest that a sighting is not possible that evening?
Answer 19c
As mentioned earlier, the number of reports are insignificant; what is significant is the acquisition of certainty. Confirmation by astronomers
that it may not be possible to see the new crescent already has a negative effect on acquiring certainty.

Question 19d
Can a Shiyạ̄’ comprising of individuals who have not sighted but are satisfied with a small number of reported sightings, be considered as a valid means for deriving satisfaction of crescent sighting?
Answer 19d
There is no consideration for this whatsoever.

Question 20
Regarding Shiyạ̄’ that are valid for generating satisfaction of crescent sighting from cities that DO NOT share our horizon:
 a) Does a handful of people scattered over a number of cities constitute a valid Shiyạ̄’?  b) Do we have to inquire about the number that went to observe but failed to see, in order to validate the Shiyạ̄’?  c) How many reports of confirmed sightings would constitute a
Shiyạ̄’ to over-rule astronomical calculations that suggest that asighting is not possible that evening?
 d) Can a Shiyạ̄’ comprising of individuals who have not sighted but are satisfied with a small number of reported sightings, be consideredas a valid means for deriving satisfaction of crescent sighting?
 e) Can a Shiyạ̄’ comprising of scholars who we rely upon forguidance, who have not sighted the crescent, but are satisfied with a smallnumber of reported sightings, be considered as a valid means for deriving satisfaction of crescent sighting?
Answer 20
Since the ruling of Sayyid, may the Almighty give him a long life, states that there is no bearing on reports of sighting from regions that do not
share the horizon with the country where you reside, it is pointless to answer the various scenarios presented in this question.

Question 21
As a matter of principle, for the holy month of Ramadhạ̄n, should we aim for the completion of 30 days and hence not bother with crescent sighting on the 29th?
Answer 21
You can base (the beginning of a new month) on the completion (full thirty days) of the current month, as long as nothing to the contrary is
established. It is not wajib to search and investigate sighting of the new crescent. However, as mentioned earlier, it is Mustahab (recommended) to look for the new crescent.

Question 22
If a mu’min has an understanding of your rulings regarding crescent sighting and on sharing the horizon, and finds them perfectly in agreement with astronomical data, but finds it difficult to reconcile with Marhum Grand Ayatullah Sayyid Al-Khui’s interpretation of the common horizon, would it be valid for your Muqallid who is continuing with the taqlid of Sayyid Al-Khui on other issues, to revert to your Eminence’s Fatwa on this particular issue?

Answer 22
He cannot do that just based on what has been mentioned, and the Almighty is All Knowing.

Signed: Office of Ayatullah Seestani, Najaf, Iraq
Date: 24th Ramadan 1426